Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people. In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue, a term later used for peoples further south. At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang. The term " Việt" (Yue) ( Chinese: 越 pinyin: Yuè Cantonese Yale: Yuht Wade–Giles: Yüeh 4 Vietnamese: Việt) in Early Middle Chinese was first written using the logograph "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty ( c. A variation of the name, Nanyue (or Nam Việt, 南越), was first documented in the 2nd century BC. The name Việt Nam ( Vietnamese pronunciation:, chữ Hán: 越南), literally "Viet South", means "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order or "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council twice. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO. Vietnam has high levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues and a poor human rights record the country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the global economy and politics.Ī developing country with a lower-middle-income economy, Vietnam is nonetheless one of the fastest-growing economies of the 21st century. In 1986, the CPV initiated economic and political reforms similar to the Chinese economic reform, transforming the country to a market-oriented economy. An ineffective planned economy, a trade embargo by the West, and wars with Cambodia and China crippled the country further. Upon the North Vietnamese victory in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary socialist state under the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in 1976. The Vietnam War began shortly after, between the communist North, supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the anti-communist South, supported by the United States. As a result of the treaties signed between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also separated into two parts. After World War II, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the First Indochina War, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. Following the August Revolution, the nationalist coalition Viet Minh under the leadership of communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnam's independence in 1945. The Nguyễn-the last imperial dynasty-surrendered to France in 1883. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City (commonly referred to by its former name, Saigon). It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Việt Nam, ( listen)), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( SRV) is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 331,212 square kilometres (127,882 sq mi) and a population of 99 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.
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